{"text_format":"1","workbook":"xlsx","n_sheets":3,"sheets":["Microsoft Excel for Windows rel","Sheet1","Sheet2"],"not_rendered":{"charts":0,"images":0,"macros":1,"external_links":0,"defined_names":1,"comments":0,"pivot_tables":0},"unopened":[],"bounds":{"document_bytes":16777216,"sheet_cells":100000,"rows_first":2000,"rows_last":500,"rows_between":2000,"halvings":0,"cell_chars":16384,"cell_head_chars":4096},"cells_cut":0,"cells_raw":0,"read":"whole","date_system":"1900"}

{"sheet":"Microsoft Excel for Windows rel","index":0,"n_rows":17,"n_cols":4,"rows_kept":17,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
["Year","Name","Version","Comments"]
[1987,"Excel 2","Old version, not maintained: 2.0","Renumbered to 2 to correspond with contemporary Macintosh version. Supported macros (later known as Excel 4 macros)."]
[1990,"Excel 3","Old version, not maintained: 3.0","Added 3D graphing capabilities"]
[1992,"Excel 4","Old version, not maintained: 4.0","Introduced auto-fill feature"]
[1993,"Excel 5","Old version, not maintained: 5.0","Included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and various object-oriented options"]
[1995,"Excel 95","Old version, not maintained: 7.0","Renumbered for contemporary Word version. Both programs were packaged in Microsoft Office by this time."]
[1997,"Excel 97","Old version, not maintained: 8.0",""]
[2000,"Excel 2000","Old version, not maintained: 9.0","Part of Microsoft Office 2000"]
[2002,"Excel 2002","Old version, not maintained: 10.0",""]
[2003,"Excel 2003","Old version, not maintained: 11.0","Released only 1 year later to correspond better with the rest of Microsoft Office (Word, PowerPoint, etc.)."]
[2007,"Excel 2007","Old version, not maintained: 12.0",""]
[2010,"Excel 2010","Old version, not maintained: 14.0","Due to superstitions surrounding the number 13, Excel 13 was skipped in version counting."]
[2013,"Excel 2013","Old version, not maintained: 15.0","Introduced 50 more mathematical functions (available as pre-packaged commands, rather than typing the formula manually)."]
[2016,"Excel 2016","Old version, not maintained: 16.0","Part of Microsoft Office 2016"]
[2019,"Excel 2019","Old version, not maintained: 17.0","Part of Microsoft Office 2019"]
[2021,"Excel 2021","Old version, still maintained: 17.0","Part of Microsoft Office 2021"]
[2024,"Excel 2024","Latest version: 17.0","Part of Microsoft Office 2024"]

{"sheet":"Sheet1","index":1,"n_rows":1324,"n_cols":2,"rows_kept":1324,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
["about:blank#bodyContent","Jump to content"]
["about:/wiki/Main_Page","Main page"]
["about:/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents","Contents"]
["about:/wiki/Portal:Current_events","Current events"]
["about:/wiki/Special:Random","Random article"]
["about:/wiki/Wikipedia:About","About Wikipedia"]
["about://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us","Contact us"]
["about:/wiki/Help:Contents","Help"]
["about:/wiki/Help:Introduction","Learn to edit"]
["about:/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal","Community portal"]
["about:/wiki/Special:RecentChanges","Recent changes"]
["about:/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard","Upload file"]
["about:/wiki/Special:SpecialPages","Special pages"]
["about:/wiki/Main_Page","    "]
["about:/wiki/Special:Search"," Search "]
["https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en","Donate"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Microsoft+Excel","Create account"]
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["https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en","Donate"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Microsoft+Excel"," Create account"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Microsoft+Excel"," Log in"]
["about:/wiki/Help:Introduction","learn more"]
["about:/wiki/Special:MyContributions","Contributions"]
["about:/wiki/Special:MyTalk","Talk"]
["about:blank#","(Top)"]
["about:blank#Features","1 Features "]
["about:blank#Basic_operation","1.1 Basic operation "]
["about:blank#Functions","1.2 Functions "]
["about:blank#Macro_programming","1.3 Macro programming "]
["about:blank#VBA_programming","1.3.1 VBA programming "]
["about:blank#History","1.3.2 History "]
["about:blank#Python_programming","1.4 Python programming "]
["about:blank#Charts","1.5 Charts "]
["about:blank#Add-ins","1.6 Add-ins "]
["about:blank#Data_storage_and_communication","2 Data storage and communication "]
["about:blank#Number_of_rows_and_columns","2.1 Number of rows and columns "]
["about:blank#File_formats","2.2 File formats "]
["about:blank#Binary","2.2.1 Binary "]
["about:blank#XML_Spreadsheet","2.2.2 XML Spreadsheet "]
["about:blank#Current_file_extensions","2.2.3 Current file extensions "]
["about:blank#Old_file_extensions","2.2.4 Old file extensions "]
["about:blank#Using_other_Windows_applications","2.3 Using other Windows applications "]
["about:blank#Using_external_data","2.4 Using external data "]
["about:blank#Export_and_migration_of_spreadsheets","2.5 Export and migration of spreadsheets "]
["about:blank#Password_protection","2.6 Password protection "]
["about:blank#Other_platforms","3 Other platforms "]
["about:blank#Excel_for_mobile","3.1 Excel for mobile "]
["about:blank#Excel_for_the_web","3.2 Excel for the web "]
["about:blank#Microsoft_Excel_Viewer","4 Microsoft Excel Viewer "]
["about:blank#Limitations_and_errors","5 Limitations and errors "]
["about:blank#Numeric_precision","5.1 Numeric precision "]
["about:blank#Statistical_functions","5.2 Statistical functions "]
["about:blank#Excel_MOD_function_error","5.3 Excel MOD function error "]
["about:blank#Fictional_leap_day_in_1900","5.4 Fictional leap day in 1900 "]
["about:blank#Date_range","5.5 Date range "]
["about:blank#Conversion_problems","5.6 Conversion problems "]
["about:blank#Errors_with_large_strings","5.7 Errors with large strings "]
["about:blank#Filenames","5.8 Filenames "]
["about:blank#Versions","6 Versions "]
["about:blank#Early_history","6.1 Early history "]
["about:blank#Microsoft_Windows","6.2 Microsoft Windows "]
["about:blank#Excel_2.0_(1987)","6.2.1 Excel 2.0 (1987) "]
["about:blank#Excel_3.0_(1990)","6.2.2 Excel 3.0 (1990) "]
["about:blank#Excel_4.0_(1992)","6.2.3 Excel 4.0 (1992) "]
["about:blank#Excel_5.0_(1993)","6.2.4 Excel 5.0 (1993) "]
["about:blank#Excel_95_(v7.0)","6.2.5 Excel 95 (v7.0) "]
["about:blank#Excel_97_(v8.0)","6.2.6 Excel 97 (v8.0) "]
["about:blank#Excel_2000_(v9.0)","6.2.7 Excel 2000 (v9.0) "]
["about:blank#Excel_2002_(v10.0)","6.2.8 Excel 2002 (v10.0) "]
["about:blank#Excel_2003_(v11.0)","6.2.9 Excel 2003 (v11.0) "]
["about:blank#Excel_2007_(v12.0)","6.2.10 Excel 2007 (v12.0) "]
["about:blank#Excel_2010_(v14.0)","6.2.11 Excel 2010 (v14.0) "]
["about:blank#Excel_2013_(v15.0)","6.2.12 Excel 2013 (v15.0) "]
["about:blank#Excel_2016_(v16.0)","6.2.13 Excel 2016 (v16.0) "]
["about:blank#Excel_2019,_Excel_2021,_Office_365_and_subsequent_(v16.0)","6.2.14 Excel 2019, Excel 2021, Office 365 and subsequent (v16.0) "]
["about:blank#Apple_Macintosh","6.3 Apple Macintosh "]
["about:blank#OS/2","6.4 OS/2 "]
["about:blank#Summary","6.5 Summary "]
["about:blank#Impact","7 Impact "]
["about:blank#Security","8 Security "]
["about:blank#Games","9 Games "]
["about:blank#See_also","10 See also "]
["about:blank#Notes","11 Notes "]
["about:blank#References","12 References "]
["about:blank#Further_reading","13 Further reading "]
["about:blank#External_links","14 External links "]
["https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Alemannisch"]
["https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%84","العربية"]
["https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Asturianu"]
["https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Azərbaycanca"]
["https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2","বাংলা"]
["https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Беларуская"]
["https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Български"]
["https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Bosanski"]
["https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Català"]
["https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Čeština"]
["https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Dansk"]
["https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Deutsch"]
["https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Eesti"]
["https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Ελληνικά"]
["https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Español"]
["https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Esperanto"]
["https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Euskara"]
["https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84","فارسی"]
["https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Français"]
["https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excel","Gaeilge"]
["https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Galego"]
["https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2","ગુજરાતી"]
["https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%97%91%EC%85%80","한국어"]
["https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Հայերեն"]
["https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2","हिन्दी"]
["https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Hrvatski"]
["https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Bahasa Indonesia"]
["https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Ирон"]
["https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Italiano"]
["https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%9C","עברית"]
["https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","ქართული"]
["https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Қазақша"]
["https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Kiswahili"]
["https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Кыргызча"]
["https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Latina"]
["https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Latviešu"]
["https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/.xls","Lëtzebuergesch"]
["https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Lietuvių"]
["https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Magyar"]
["https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Македонски"]
["https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD","മലയാളം"]
["https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2","मराठी"]
["https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%84","مصرى"]
["https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Bahasa Melayu"]
["https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","မြန်မာဘာသာ"]
["https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Nederlands"]
["https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2","नेपाली"]
["https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","日本語"]
["https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%8C%DF%9E%DF%99%DF%8F%DF%9B%DF%90%DF%9D%DF%95_%DF%8B%DF%9E%DF%91%DF%9B%DF%8D%DF%9F_%DF%A2%DF%8D%DF%A5%DF%9F%DF%8A","ߒߞߏ"]
["https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Nordfriisk"]
["https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Excel","Norsk bokmål"]
["https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Occitan"]
["https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча"]
["https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2","ਪੰਜਾਬੀ"]
["https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Polski"]
["https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Português"]
["https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Română"]
["https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Runa Simi"]
["https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Русский"]
["https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Shqip"]
["https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A","සිංහල"]
["https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Simple English"]
["https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Slovenčina"]
["https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Slovenščina"]
["https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Српски / srpski"]
["https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски"]
["https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Suomi"]
["https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Svenska"]
["https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D","தமிழ்"]
["https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D","తెలుగు"]
["https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5","ไทย"]
["https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Türkçe"]
["https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Українська"]
["https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84","اردو"]
["https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Excel","Vepsän kel’"]
["https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Tiếng Việt"]
["https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","吴语"]
["https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%9C","ייִדיש"]
["https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","粵語"]
["https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","中文"]
["https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%84%EA%A0%87%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%8C%EA%A0%A6%EA%A0%9F","ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ"]
["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11272#sitelinks-wikipedia","Edit links"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Article"]
["about:/wiki/Talk:Microsoft_Excel","Talk"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Read"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Excel&action=edit","View source"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Excel&action=history","View history"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Excel","Read"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Excel&action=edit","View source"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Excel&action=history","View history"]
["about:/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Microsoft_Excel","What links here"]
["about:/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Microsoft_Excel","Related changes"]
["about://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard","Upload file"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Excel&oldid=1288315199","Permanent link"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Excel&action=info","Page information"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Microsoft_Excel&id=1288315199&wpFormIdentifier=titleform","Cite this page"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMicrosoft_Excel","Get shortened URL"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMicrosoft_Excel","Download QR code"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Microsoft_Excel&action=show-download-screen","Download as PDF"]
["about:/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Excel&printable=yes","Printable version"]
["https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Microsoft_Excel","Wikimedia Commons"]
["https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office/Excel","Wikiversity"]
["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11272","Wikidata item"]
["about:/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"]
["about:/wiki/Excel_(disambiguation)","Excel (disambiguation)"]
["about:/wiki/File:Microsoft_Office_Excel_(2019%E2%80%93present).svg"]
["about:/wiki/File:Microsoft_Excel.png"]
["about:/wiki/Bar_graph","bar graph"]
["about:/wiki/Windows_11","Windows 11"]
["about:/wiki/Programmer","Developer(s)"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft","Microsoft"]
["about:/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle","Stable release(s)"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_365","Microsoft 365"]
["about:blank#cite_note-1","[a]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-2","[1]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-office-2021-3","[2]"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_365","Microsoft 365"]
["about:blank#cite_note-4","[3]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-office-2021-3","[2]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-office-2019-5","[4]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-6","[5]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-7","[6]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-8","[7]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-9","[8]"]
["about:/wiki/C%2B%2B","C++"]
["about:blank#cite_note-C++_in_MS_Office-10","[9]"]
["about:/wiki/Operating_system","Operating system"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Windows","Microsoft Windows"]
["about:/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches","Type"]
["about:/wiki/Spreadsheet","Spreadsheet"]
["about:/wiki/Software_license","License"]
["about:/wiki/Trialware","Trialware"]
["about:blank#cite_note-11","[10]"]
["about:/wiki/Proprietary_software","Proprietary"]
["about:/wiki/Commercial_software","commercial software"]
["http://microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/excel","microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/excel"]
["about:/wiki/Spreadsheet","spreadsheet"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft","Microsoft"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Windows","Windows"]
["about:/wiki/MacOS","macOS"]
["about:/wiki/Android_(operating_system)","Android"]
["about:/wiki/IOS","iOS"]
["about:/wiki/IPadOS","iPadOS"]
["about:/wiki/Calculation","calculation"]
["about:/wiki/Computation","computation"]
["about:/wiki/Pivot_table","pivot tables"]
["about:/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)","macro"]
["about:/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications","Visual Basic for Applications"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_365","Microsoft 365"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office","Microsoft Office"]
["about:/wiki/File:Microsoft_Office_Excel_(2013%E2%80%932019).svg"]
["about:/wiki/File:Office_Excel_2007_logo.svg"]
["about:/wiki/Spreadsheet","Spreadsheet"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Harvey-12","[11]"]
["about:/wiki/Pivot_table","pivot tables"]
["about:blank#cite_note-G_Harvey-13","[12]"]
["about:/wiki/PivotTable","PivotTable"]
["about:/wiki/Data_analysis","data analysis"]
["about:blank#cite_note-deLevie-14","[13]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Bourg-15","[14]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Holsapple-16","[15]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Harshbarger-17","[16]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Horrell-18","[17]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-acquisition-19","[18]"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Word","Word"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint","PowerPoint"]
["about:blank#cite_note-20","[19]"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx","Microsoft Power Fx"]
["about:blank#cite_note-21","[20]"]
["about:/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications","VBA"]
["about:blank#cite_note-22","[21]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-23","[22]"]
["about:/wiki/Turing_complete","Turing complete"]
["about:blank#cite_note-24","[23]"]
["about:/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications","Visual Basic for Applications"]
["about:/wiki/File:Functions_in_Excel.PNG"]
["about:/wiki/File:Subroutine_in_Excel.PNG"]
["about:/wiki/Visual_Basic","Visual Basic"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Press-25","[24]"]
["about:/wiki/MacOS#Mac_OS_X","Mac OS X"]
["about:blank#cite_note-26","[25]"]
["about:/wiki/ActiveX","ActiveX"]
["about:blank#cite_note-27","[26]"]
["about:/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)","Macro"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Walkenbach-28","[27]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Walkenbach2-29","[28]"]
["about:/wiki/Subroutine","subroutines"]
["about:blank#cite_note-30","[29]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-31","[30]"]
["about:/wiki/Python_(programming_language)","Python"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Introducing_Python-32","[31]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Announcing_Python-33","[32]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Introducing_Python-32","[31]"]
["about:/wiki/File:Excel_chart.PNG"]
["about:/wiki/Graph_of_a_function","Graph"]
["about:/wiki/Chart","charts"]
["about:/wiki/Graph_of_a_function","graphs"]
["about:/wiki/Histogram","histograms"]
["about:/wiki/Add-in","add-ins"]
["about:/wiki/Analysis_of_variance","analysis of variance"]
["about:/wiki/Regression_analysis","regression analysis"]
["about:blank#cite_note-34","[33]"]
["about:/wiki/Filename_extension","Filename extension"]
["about:/wiki/Media_type","Internet media type"]
["about:/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier","Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft","Microsoft"]
["about:/wiki/Spreadsheet","Spreadsheet"]
["about:blank#cite_note-35","[34]"]
["about:/wiki/Office_Open_XML","Office Open XML"]
["about:/wiki/XML","XML"]
["about:blank#cite_note-xml-36","[35]"]
["about:/wiki/Comma-separated_values","CSV"]
["about:/wiki/DBase","DBF"]
["about:/wiki/Symbolic_Link_(SYLK)","SYLK"]
["about:/wiki/Data_Interchange_Format","DIF"]
["about:blank#cite_note-37","[36]"]
["about:/wiki/OpenOffice.org","OpenOffice.org"]
["about:/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding","OLE"]
["about:blank#cite_note-38","[37]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-39","[38]"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XML_formats","Microsoft Office XML formats"]
["about:blank#cite_note-xml-36","[35]"]
["about:/wiki/MySQL","MySQL"]
["about:/wiki/Office_Open_XML","Office Open XML"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007","Microsoft Office 2007"]
["about:/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)","ZIP"]
["about:/wiki/XML","XML"]
["about:blank#cite_note-40","[39]"]
["about:/wiki/Spreadsheet","Spreadsheet"]
["about:/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications","VBA"]
["about:/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications","VBA"]
["about:/wiki/C%2B%2B","C++"]
["about:/wiki/C_(programming_language)","C"]
["about:/wiki/Fortran","Fortran"]
["about:/wiki/Dynamic-link_library","dynamic-link library"]
["about:/wiki/Xlt_(file_format)",".xlt"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Access","Microsoft Access"]
["about:/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchange","Dynamic Data Exchange"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Newcomer-41","[40]"]
["about:/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.","Bloomberg"]
["about:/wiki/Reuters","Reuters"]
["about:/wiki/PowerPoint","PowerPoint"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Schmalz-42","[41]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Cornell-43","[42]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-DeMarco2-44","[43]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Harts-45","[44]"]
["about:/wiki/Computer_file","data sources"]
["about:/wiki/ODBC","ODBC"]
["about:/wiki/Power_Plus_Pro","Power Plus Pro"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Newcomer-41","[40]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-46","[45]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-47","[46]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-48","[47]"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Query_by_Example","Microsoft Query"]
["about:/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity","ODBC-based"]
["about:blank#cite_note-49","[48]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-50","[49]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-51","[50]"]
["about:/wiki/Application_programming_interface","APIs"]
["about:/wiki/Adobe_Flash","Adobe Flash Player"]
["about:/wiki/Apache_POI","Apache POI"]
["about:/wiki/Open-source","open-source"]
["about:/wiki/Java_platform","Java"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_password_protection","Microsoft Office password protection"]
["about:blank#cite_note-52","[51]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-53","[52]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-54","[53]"]
["about:/wiki/Encrypted","encrypted"]
["about:/wiki/Header_(computing)","header"]
["about:/wiki/Key_(cryptography)","key"]
["about:/wiki/Rainbow_tables","rainbow tables"]
["about:/wiki/Brute-force_attack","brute-force attack"]
["about:/wiki/Cryptographic_Service_Provider","Cryptographic Service Provider"]
["about:/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard","AES"]
["about:/wiki/SHA1","SHA1"]
["about:/wiki/File:Excel_for_Android.png"]
["about:blank#cite_note-TechHive-55","[54]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Engadget-56","[55]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-NYT-57","[56]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-New_in_Excel_Mobile-58","[57]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Microsoft-59","[58]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-60","[59]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-New_in_Excel_Mobile-58","[57]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Microsoft-59","[58]"]
["about:/wiki/Windows_Store","Windows Store"]
["about:blank#cite_note-:1-61","[60]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-:2-62","[61]"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office#Office_on_the_web","Microsoft Office § Office on the web"]
["about:blank#cite_note-osupport-excel-63","[62]"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Windows","Microsoft Windows"]
["about:blank#cite_note-64","[63]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-ExcelviewerEOL-65","[64]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-66","[65]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-67","[66]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-68","[67]"]
["about:/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact","Windows CE"]
["about:/wiki/Handheld_PC","Handheld PCs"]
["about:blank#cite_note-69","[68]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-70","[69]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-71","[70]"]
["about:/wiki/Ribbon_(computing)","Ribbon"]
["about:blank#cite_note-72","[71]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-73","[72]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-74","[73]"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office#Office_for_Android,_iOS_and_Windows_10_Mobile","Excel Mobile"]
["about:/wiki/Windows_10","Windows 10"]
["about:/wiki/Windows_7","Windows 7"]
["about:/wiki/Windows_8","Windows 8"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_OneDrive","OneDrive"]
["about:blank#Excel_for_the_web","Excel for the web"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_account","Microsoft account"]
["about:/wiki/Web_browser","browser"]
["about:blank#cite_note-ExcelviewerEOL-65","[64]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-75","[74]"]
["about:/wiki/Spreadsheet#Shortcomings","issues with spreadsheets"]
["about:/wiki/Numeric_precision_in_Microsoft_Excel","Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel"]
["about:/wiki/File:Excel_fifteen_figure.PNG"]
["about:/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed","citation needed"]
["about:/wiki/IEEE_754-2008","IEEE 754 specification"]
["about:blank#cite_note-microsoft_spec-76","[75]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Altman-77","[76]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-deLevie2-78","[77]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-John_Walkenbach_0-79","[78]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-80","[79]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-81","[80]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-82","[81]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-83","[82]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Heiser-84","[83]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-corrections-85","[84]"]
["about:/wiki/Modulo_operation","modulo operations"]
["about:blank#cite_note-86","[85]"]
["about:/wiki/Leap_year","leap year"]
["about:blank#cite_note-87","[86]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-88","[87]"]
["about:/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3","Lotus 1-2-3"]
["about:/wiki/Bug_compatibility","bug compatibility"]
["about:blank#cite_note-89","[88]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-The_Contradictory_Nature_of_OOXML-90","[89]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-91","[90]"]
["about:/wiki/DNA","DNA"]
["about:/wiki/Bioinformatics","bioinformatics"]
["about:blank#cite_note-ExcelAteMyDNA-92","[91]"]
["about:/wiki/Gene_nomenclature","gene names"]
["about:/wiki/Peer_review","peer reviewed"]
["about:/wiki/Scientific_journal","scientific journal"]
["about:blank#cite_note-ExcelAteMyDNAagain-93","[92]"]
["about:/wiki/MARCH2","MARCH1 (Membrane Associated Ring-CH-type finger 1)"]
["about:/wiki/SEPT2","SEPT2 (Septin 2)"]
["about:blank#cite_note-bbcnewsexcel-94","[93]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-95","[94]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-ExcelAteMyDNAagain-93","[92]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-96","[95]"]
["about:/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee","HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)"]
["about:/wiki/Nature_(journal)","Nature"]
["https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Excel&action=edit","[update]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-97","[96]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-98","[97]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-99","[98]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-100","[99]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-101","[100]"]
["about:/wiki/File:Excel_for_Mac_screenshot.png"]
["about:/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur","macOS Big Sur"]
["about:/wiki/Multiplan","Multiplan"]
["about:/wiki/CP/M","CP/M"]
["about:/wiki/MS-DOS","MS-DOS"]
["about:/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3","Lotus 1-2-3"]
["about:/wiki/VisiCalc","VisiCalc"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Allan_2001-102","[101]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Wallace_1993-103","[102]"]
["about:/wiki/Apple_Macintosh","Apple Macintosh"]
["about:/wiki/Bill_Gates","Bill Gates"]
["about:/wiki/Wang_Laboratories","Wang Laboratories"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Allan_2001-102","[101]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Wallace_1993-103","[102]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Bishop_2015-104","[103]"]
["about:/wiki/Steve_Jobs","Steve Jobs"]
["about:/wiki/Apple_Computer","Apple Computer"]
["about:/wiki/Tavern_on_the_Green","Tavern on the Green"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Allan_2001-102","[101]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Wallace_1993-103","[102]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Bishop_2015-104","[103]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Freeberg_1985-105","[104]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Allan_2001-102","[101]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-106","[105]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-chan_TheH-107","[106]"]
["about:/wiki/American_Institute_of_Certified_Public_Accountants","American Institute of Certified Public Accountants"]
["about:blank#cite_note-aicpa1990-108","[107]"]
["about:/wiki/Lotus_Software","Lotus"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft","Microsoft"]
["about:/wiki/Graphical_user_interface","GUI"]
["about:/wiki/Intel","Intel"]
["about:blank#cite_note-109","[108]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-spreadsheetpage.com-110","[109]"]
["about:/wiki/BYTE","BYTE"]
["about:blank#cite_note-spreadsheetpage.com-110","[109]"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_3.0","Microsoft Office 3.0"]
["about:blank#Impact","auto-fill"]
["about:blank#cite_note-111","[110]"]
["about:/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)","easter egg"]
["about:blank#cite_note-112","[111]"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_4.x","Microsoft Office 4.2 and 4.3"]
["about:/wiki/Visual_Basic","Visual Basic"]
["about:/wiki/User-defined_function","user-defined functions"]
["about:/wiki/Integrated_development_environment","integrated development environment"]
["about:/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)","Macro"]
["about:/wiki/Component_object_model","ActiveX"]
["about:/wiki/Component_object_model","COM"]
["about:/wiki/Dynamic-Link_Library","DLL"]
["about:/wiki/Object-oriented_programming","object-oriented programming"]
["about:/wiki/Macro_virus","macro viruses"]
["about:/wiki/Easter_egg_(virtual)","Easter eggs"]
["about:/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)","Doom"]
["about:blank#cite_note-113","[112]"]
["about:/wiki/File:Screenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_95,_an_application_part_of_Microsoft_Office_system.png"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_for_Windows_95","Microsoft Office for Windows 95"]
["about:blank#cite_note-114","[113]"]
["about:/wiki/Office_97","Office 97"]
["about:/wiki/File:FileScreenshot_of_Microsoft_Office_Excel_2000.png"]
["about:/wiki/Office_2000","Office 2000"]
["about:/wiki/Spy_Hunter","Spy Hunter"]
["about:blank#cite_note-115","[114]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-116","[115]"]
["about:/wiki/Office_XP","Office XP"]
["about:/wiki/Office_2003","Office 2003"]
["about:/wiki/File:Microsoft_Office_Excel_2007.png"]
["about:/wiki/Office_2007","Office 2007"]
["about:/wiki/WIMP_interface","WIMP interface"]
["about:blank#cite_note-117","[116]"]
["about:/wiki/Self-estimated","self-estimated"]
["about:blank#cite_note-118","[117]"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007#SmartArt","SmartArt"]
["about:blank#cite_note-Dodge-119","[118]"]
["about:/wiki/Thread_safety","thread-safe"]
["about:/wiki/File:Excel_2010.png"]
["about:/wiki/Office_2010","Office 2010"]
["about:/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia","number 13 was skipped"]
["about:blank#cite_note-whatsnew-120","[119]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-121","[120]"]
["about:/wiki/Office_2013","Office 2013"]
["about:blank#cite_note-122","[121]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-123","[122]"]
["about:/wiki/Power_Pivot","Power Pivot"]
["about:blank#cite_note-124","[123]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-125","[124]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-126","[125]"]
["about:/wiki/Office_2016","Office 2016"]
["about:/wiki/Power_Query","Power Query"]
["about:blank#cite_note-127","[126]"]
["about:/wiki/Google_Sheets","Google Sheets"]
["about:/wiki/File:Microsoft_Excel_for_Mac_2011.png"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_4.x","Office 4.x"]
["about:blank#cite_note-128","[127]"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_98_Macintosh_Edition","Office 98"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2001","Office 2001"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_v._X","Office v. X"]
["about:/wiki/Office_2004_for_Mac","Office 2004"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2008_for_Mac","Office 2008"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_for_Mac_2011","Office 2011"]
["about:/wiki/Office_2016_for_Mac","Office 2016"]
["about:blank#cite_note-129","[128]"]
["about:/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia","superstitions surrounding the number 13"]
["about:/wiki/Function_(mathematics)","mathematical functions"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2016","Microsoft Office 2016"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2019","Microsoft Office 2019"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2021","Microsoft Office 2021"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2024","Microsoft Office 2024"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2019","Microsoft Office 2019"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2021","Microsoft Office 2021"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2024","Microsoft Office 2024"]
["about:/wiki/User_interface","user interface"]
["about:/wiki/VisiCalc","VisiCalc"]
["about:blank#cite_note-130","[129]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-131","[130]"]
["about:/wiki/GCHQ","GCHQ"]
["about:blank#cite_note-132","[131]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-133","[132]"]
["about:/wiki/Tetris","Tetris"]
["about:/wiki/2048_(video_game)",2048]
["about:/wiki/Scrabble","Scrabble"]
["about:/wiki/Yahtzee","Yahtzee"]
["about:/wiki/Angry_Birds","Angry Birds"]
["about:/wiki/Pac-Man","Pac-Man"]
["about:/wiki/Civilization_(video_game)","Civilization"]
["about:/wiki/Monopoly_(game)","Monopoly"]
["about:/wiki/Battleship_(game)","Battleship"]
["about:/wiki/Blackjack","Blackjack"]
["about:/wiki/Space_Invaders","Space Invaders"]
["about:blank#cite_note-134","[133]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-135","[134]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-136","[135]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-137","[136]"]
["about:blank#cite_note-138","[137]"]
["about:/wiki/Esport","esport"]
["about:/wiki/Financial_Modeling_World_Cup","Financial Modeling World Cup"]
["about:blank#cite_note-139","[138]"]
["about:/wiki/Comparison_of_spreadsheet_software","Comparison of spreadsheet software"]
["about:/wiki/Spreadmart","Spreadmart"]
["about:/wiki/Financial_modelling","financial modelling"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-1","^"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-2","^"]
["https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/officeupdates/current-channel","\"Release notes for Current Channel\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-office-2021_3-0","a"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-office-2021_3-1","b"]
["https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/officeupdates/update-history-office-2021","\"Update history for Office LTSC 2021 and Office 2021\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-4","^"]
["https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/officeupdates/update-history-office-for-mac","\"Update history for Office for Mac\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-office-2019_5-0","^"]
["https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/officeupdates/update-history-office-2019","\"Update history for Office 2016 C2R and Office 2019\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-6","^"]
["https://apps.microsoft.com/detail/9wzdncrd29v9","\"Microsoft 365 Copilot\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-7","^"]
["https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.microsoft.office.officehubrow","\"Microsoft 365 Copilot\""]
["https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.microsoft.office.word","\"Microsoft Word: Edit Documents\""]
["https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.microsoft.office.excel","\"Microsoft Excel: Spreadsheets\""]
["https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.microsoft.office.powerpoint","\"Microsoft PowerPoint\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-8","^"]
["https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/microsoft-corporation/office-mobile-2/microsoft-365-copilot-16-0-18730-20068-release/","\"Microsoft 365 Copilot 16.0.18730.20068\""]
["https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/microsoft-corporation/word/microsoft-word-edit-documents-16-0-18730-20068-release/","\"Microsoft Word: Edit Documents 16.0.18730.20068\""]
["https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/microsoft-corporation/excel/microsoft-excel-spreadsheets-16-0-18730-20068-release/","\"Microsoft Excel: Spreadsheets 16.0.18730.20068\""]
["https://www.apkmirror.com/apk/microsoft-corporation/powerpoint/microsoft-powerpoint-16-0-18730-20068-release/","\"Microsoft PowerPoint 16.0.18730.20068\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-9","^"]
["https://apps.apple.com/us/app/microsoft-365-office/id541164041","\"Microsoft 365 Copilot\""]
["https://apps.apple.com/us/app/microsoft-word/id586447913","\"Microsoft Word\""]
["https://apps.apple.com/us/app/microsoft-excel/id586683407","\"Microsoft Excel\""]
["https://apps.apple.com/us/app/microsoft-powerpoint/id586449534","\"Microsoft PowerPoint\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-C++_in_MS_Office_10-0","^"]
["https://cppcon.org/bonus-talk-cxx-in-ms-office-2014/","\"C++ in MS Office\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20191107064047/https://cppcon.org/bonus-talk-cxx-in-ms-office-2014/","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-11","^"]
["https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/try/microsoft-365-free","\"Microsoft Office Excel 365\""]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft.com","Microsoft.com"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20201112040541/https://www.microsoft.com/en-US/microsoft-365/try/microsoft-365-free","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Harvey_12-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=i5ffgL9KEg8C","Excel 2007 For Dummies"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03737-9","978-0-470-03737-9"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20150303055116/http://books.google.com/books?id=i5ffgL9KEg8C","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-G_Harvey_13-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=9PCz-uf-bjkC&pg=PA296","Excel 2007 Workbook for Dummies"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-16937-7","978-0-470-16937-7"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-deLevie_14-0","^"]
["about:/wiki/Robert_de_Levie","de Levie, Robert"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=IAnO-2qVazsC","Advanced Excel for scientific data analysis"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515275-3","978-0-19-515275-3"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Bourg_15-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=vQaGBMGaWI4C","Excel scientific and engineering cookbook"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00879-6","978-0-596-00879-6"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Holsapple_16-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=q_3sRkRKZQwC&pg=PA288","\"§4.2 A portfolio management and optimization spreadsheet DSS\""]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-48712-8","978-3-540-48712-8"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Harshbarger_17-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=LRZnWl-LvwsC","Microsoft Excel 97 Developer's Handbook"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57231-359-0","978-1-57231-359-0"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Horrell_18-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=l0xiQgAACAAJ","Data, statistics, and decision models with Excel"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-13398-8","978-0-471-13398-8"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-acquisition_19-0","^"]
["about:/wiki/Data_acquisition","data acquisition"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=iKKVOJYqi6YC&pg=PA281","Data acquisition techniques using PCs"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-068377-2","978-0-12-068377-2"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-20","^"]
["http://support.microsoft.com/kb/291288","\"Description of the startup switches for Excel\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20101230015945/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/291288","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-21","^"]
["https://support.office.com/en-us/article/excel-functions-alphabetical-b3944572-255d-4efb-bb96-c6d90033e188","\"Excel functions (alphabetical)\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20181105062357/https://support.office.com/en-us/article/excel-functions-alphabetical-b3944572-255d-4efb-bb96-c6d90033e188","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-22","^"]
["https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/excel.worksheetfunction","\"WorksheetFunction Object (Excel)\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20181105062450/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/api/excel.worksheetfunction","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-23","^"]
["https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/language/reference/functions-visual-basic-for-applications","\"Functions (Visual Basic for Applications)\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20181105062438/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/language/reference/functions-visual-basic-for-applications","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-24","^"]
["https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/lambda-the-ultimatae-excel-worksheet-function/","\"LAMBDA: The ultimate Excel worksheet function\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20210423120636/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/lambda-the-ultimatae-excel-worksheet-function/","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Press_25-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=1aAOdzK3FegC","Numerical recipes: the art of scientific computing"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88068-8","978-0-521-88068-8"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521437210",521437210]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=3-BfpBw7AqQC","Numerical recipes: routines and examples in BASIC"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40689-5","978-0-521-40689-5"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-26","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20120619131821/http://www.officeformachelp.com/excel/","\"Excel\""]
["http://www.officeformachelp.com/excel/","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-27","^"]
["http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20160921074527/https://www.excellemon.com/view/100-using-excel-pc-or-mac","\"Using Excel – PC or Mac? | Excel Lemon\""]
["https://www.excellemon.com/view/100-using-excel-pc-or-mac","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Walkenbach_28-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=2IBbPiP3wOIC&pg=PA79","\"Chapter 6: Using the Excel macro recorder\""]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04674-6","978-0-470-04674-6"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Walkenbach2_29-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=2IBbPiP3wOIC&pg=PA53","\"Chapter 4: Introducing the Excel object model\""]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04674-6","978-0-470-04674-6"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-30","^"]
["http://spreadsheetpage.com/index.php/site/tip/developer_faq_general_questions/","\"The Spreadsheet Page for Excel Users and Developers\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20130121061001/http://spreadsheetpage.com/index.php/site/tip/developer_faq_general_questions/","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-31","^"]
["http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/working-with-excel-4-0-macros-HA010336614.aspx","\"Working with Excel 4.0 macros\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20130307194541/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/working-with-excel-4-0-macros-HA010336614.aspx","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Introducing_Python_32-0","a"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Introducing_Python_32-1","b"]
["https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/microsoft-365-blog/introducing-python-in-excel-the-best-of-both-worlds-for-data/ba-p/3905482","\"Introducing Python in Excel: The Best of Both Worlds for Data Analysis and Visualization\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Announcing_Python_33-0","^"]
["https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/excel-blog/announcing-python-in-excel-combining-the-power-of-python-and-the/ba-p/3893439","\"Announcing Python in Excel: Combining the power of Python and the flexibility of Excel\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-34","^"]
["http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa730921.aspx","\"The 'Big Grid' and Increased Limits in Excel 2007\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20131207150655/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa730921.aspx","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-35","^"]
["http://support.microsoft.com/kb/840817/","\"How to extract information from Office files by using Office file formats and schemas\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20080514083958/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/840817","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-xml_36-0","a"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-xml_36-1","b"]
["http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa140066(office.10).aspx","\"XML Spreadsheet Reference\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20081002081358/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa140066(office.10).aspx","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-37","^"]
["http://blogs.office.com/b/microsoft-excel/archive/2006/08/24/deprecated-features-for-excel-2007.aspx","\"Deprecated features for Excel 2007\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20110717141312/http://blogs.office.com/b/microsoft-excel/archive/2006/08/24/deprecated-features-for-excel-2007.aspx","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-38","^"]
["http://sc.openoffice.org/excelfileformat.pdf","\"OpenOffice.org's documentation of the Microsoft Excel File Format\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20080509063852/http://sc.openoffice.org/excelfileformat.pdf","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-39","^"]
["http://download.microsoft.com/download/0/B/E/0BE8BDD7-E5E8-422A-ABFD-4342ED7AD886/Excel97-2007BinaryFileFormat(xls)Specification.xps","\"Microsoft Office Excel 97 – 2007 Binary File Format Specification (*.xls 97-2007 format)\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20081222093136/http://download.microsoft.com/download/0/B/E/0BE8BDD7-E5E8-422A-ABFD-4342ED7AD886/Excel97-2007BinaryFileFormat(xls)Specification.xps","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-40","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=oSXWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA324","Using Excel for Business Analysis: A Guide to Financial Modelling Fundamentals"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-06245-5","978-1-119-06245-5"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Newcomer_41-0","a"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Newcomer_41-1","b"]
["https://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/faking-dde-with-private-servers/184409151?pgno=3","\"Faking DDE with Private Servers\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20230225011410/https://www.drdobbs.com/architecture-and-design/faking-dde-with-private-servers/184409151?pgno=3","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Schmalz_42-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=SGH10fniqmsC&pg=PT71","\"Chapter 5: Using Access VBA to automate Excel\""]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00973-1","978-0-596-00973-1"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=SGH10fniqmsC&pg=PT71","\"Chapter 5: Using Access VBA to automate Excel\""]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00973-1","978-0-596-00973-1"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Cornell_43-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=qjkglmBy_l4C&pg=PA117","\"Chapter 5: Connect to other databases\""]
["https://archive.org/details/excelasyourdatab0000corn/page/117","Excel as Your Database"]
["https://archive.org/details/excelasyourdatab0000corn/page/117","117 ff"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-751-4","978-1-59059-751-4"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-DeMarco2_44-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=gtPQMxO8XuoC&pg=PA43","\"Excel's data import tools\""]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-957-0","978-1-59059-957-0"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Harts_45-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=MVFldXVKpj8C&pg=PA171","\"Importing Access data into Excel 2007\""]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-149424-3","978-0-07-149424-3"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-46","^"]
["https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/ipc/about-network-dde","\"About Network DDE – Win32 apps\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20230217170348/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/ipc/about-network-dde","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-47","^"]
["https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/troubleshoot/excel/set-up-realtimedata-function","\"How to set up and use the RTD function in Excel – Office\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20230217170345/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/office/troubleshoot/excel/set-up-realtimedata-function","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-48","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=gtPQMxO8XuoC&pg=PA225","Pro Excel 2007 VBA"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-957-0","978-1-59059-957-0"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-49","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=VnegO0pMYlIC&pg=PA665","Professional Excel Development"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-50879-9","978-0-321-50879-9"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-50","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20100821074925/http://proc.isecon.org/2000/602/ISECON.2000.Wehrs.pdf","\"An Applied DSS Course Using Excel and VBA: IS and/or MS?\""]
["http://proc.isecon.org/2000/602/ISECON.2000.Wehrs.pdf","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-51","^"]
["http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/HA100996641033.aspx","Use Microsoft Query to retrieve external data"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20100312111200/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel/ha100996641033.aspx","Archived"]
["about:/wiki/Wayback_Machine","Wayback Machine"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-52","^"]
["http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM1","\"Password protect documents, workbooks, and presentations\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20140212134311/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM1","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-53","^"]
["http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM3a","\"Password protect documents, workbooks, and presentations\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20140212134311/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word-help/password-protect-documents-workbooks-and-presentations-HA010148333.aspx#BM3a","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-54","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20130326192849/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/password-protect-worksheet-or-workbook-elements-HP005201059.aspx","\"Password protect worksheet or workbook elements\""]
["http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/password-protect-worksheet-or-workbook-elements-HP005201059.aspx","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-TechHive_55-0","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20141015060254/http://www.techhive.com/article/2025977/office-for-windows-phone-8-your-handy-starter-guide.html","\"Office for Windows Phone 8: Your handy starter guide\""]
["http://www.techhive.com/article/2025977/office-for-windows-phone-8-your-handy-starter-guide.html","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Engadget_56-0","^"]
["https://www.engadget.com/2013/06/14/microsoft-office-mobile-for-iphone-hands-on/","\"Microsoft Office Mobile for iPhone hands-on\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20140903102756/http://www.engadget.com/2013/06/14/microsoft-office-mobile-for-iphone-hands-on/","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-NYT_57-0","^"]
["https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/technology/personaltech/microsoft-office-for-the-iphone-is-here-yawn.html","\"Microsoft Adds Office for iPhone. Yawn\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20220528122230/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/technology/personaltech/microsoft-office-for-the-iphone-is-here-yawn.html?_r=1&","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-New_in_Excel_Mobile_58-0","a"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-New_in_Excel_Mobile_58-1","b"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20080208083816/http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/articles/excelmobile.mspx","\"What's New in Excel Mobile\""]
["http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/articles/excelmobile.mspx","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Microsoft_59-0","a"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Microsoft_59-1","b"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20071020043851/http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/help/pocketpc/excelmobile.mspx","\"Unsupported features in Excel Mobile\""]
["http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/help/pocketpc/excelmobile.mspx","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-60","^"]
["http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/help/pocketpc/excelmobile.mspx","Use Excel Mobile"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20071020043851/http://www.microsoft.com/windowsmobile/help/pocketpc/excelmobile.mspx","Archived"]
["about:/wiki/Wayback_Machine","Wayback Machine"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-:1_61-0","^"]
["https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/apps/excel-mobile/9wzdncrfjbh3","\"Excel Mobile\""]
["about:/wiki/Windows_Store","Windows Store"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft","Microsoft"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20160623090620/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/apps/excel-mobile/9wzdncrfjbh3","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-:2_62-0","^"]
["https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/apps/powerpoint-mobile/9wzdncrfjb5q","\"PowerPoint Mobile\""]
["about:/wiki/Windows_Store","Windows Store"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft","Microsoft"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20160422185004/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/apps/powerpoint-mobile/9wzdncrfjb5q","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-osupport-excel_63-0","^"]
["https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Differences-between-using-a-workbook-in-the-browser-and-in-Excel-F0DC28ED-B85D-4E1D-BE6D-5878005DB3B6","\"Differences between using a workbook in the browser and in Excel – Office Support\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034000/https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Differences-between-using-a-workbook-in-the-browser-and-in-Excel-F0DC28ED-B85D-4E1D-BE6D-5878005DB3B6","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-64","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20130906014511/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/273711","\"Description of the Excel Viewer\""]
["http://support.microsoft.com/kb/273711","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-ExcelviewerEOL_65-0","a"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-ExcelviewerEOL_65-1","b"]
["https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/troubleshoot/excel/get-latest-excel-viewer","\"How to obtain the latest Excel Viewer\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20210120204513/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/troubleshoot/excel/get-latest-excel-viewer","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-66","^"]
["https://support.microsoft.com/en-au/help/4461608/description-of-the-security-update-for-excel-viewer-2007-february-12","\"Description of the security update for Excel Viewer 2007: February 12, 2019\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-67","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/19980120142756/http://www.microsoft.com/office/msexcel/internet/viewer/","\"Microsoft Excel Viewer\""]
["http://www.microsoft.com/office/msexcel/internet/viewer/","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-68","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20040113003810/http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=4EB83149-91DA-4110-8595-4A960D3E1C7C&displaylang=EN","\"Excel 97/2000 Viewer: Spreadsheet Files\""]
["http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=4EB83149-91DA-4110-8595-4A960D3E1C7C&displaylang=EN","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-69","^"]
["https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/ms919256(v=msdn.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN","\"New Features in Windows CE .NET 4.1\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20200311221519/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/ms919256(v=msdn.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-70","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20050115054414/http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=C8378BF4-996C-4569-B547-75EDBD03AAF0&displaylang=en","\"Excel Viewer 2003\""]
["http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=C8378BF4-996C-4569-B547-75EDBD03AAF0&displaylang=en","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-71","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20071011003602/http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=50A22D11-7CC6-4C3A-B3EC-A9EA4E39E28E&displaylang=en","\"Excel Viewer 2003 Service Pack 3 (SP3)\""]
["http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyId=50A22D11-7CC6-4C3A-B3EC-A9EA4E39E28E&displaylang=en","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-72","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20100926003423/http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyID=1cd6acf9-ce06-4e1c-8dcf-f33f669dbc3a&displaylang=en","\"Excel Viewer\""]
["http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyID=1cd6acf9-ce06-4e1c-8dcf-f33f669dbc3a&displaylang=en","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-73","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20120428065656/http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=17724","\"Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 2 (SP2)\""]
["http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=17724","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-74","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20111229015742/http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=27833","\"Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 3 (SP3)\""]
["http://www.microsoft.com/download/en/details.aspx?displaylang=en&id=27833","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-75","^"]
["https://support.microsoft.com/en-au/help/979860/supported-versions-of-the-office-viewers","\"Supported versions of the Office viewers\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20210117195923/https://support.microsoft.com/en-au/help/979860/supported-versions-of-the-office-viewers","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-microsoft_spec_76-0","^"]
["http://support.microsoft.com/kb/78113/en-us","\"Floating-point arithmetic may give inaccurate results in Excel\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20110514172904/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/78113/EN-US","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Altman_77-0","^"]
["about:/wiki/Micah_Altman","Altman, Micah"]
["about:/wiki/Jeff_Gill_(academic)","Gill, Jeff"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=j_KevqVO3zAC&pg=PA12","\"§2.1.1 Revealing example: Computing the coefficient standard deviation\""]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-23633-7","978-0-471-23633-7"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-deLevie2_78-0","^"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515275-3","978-0-19-515275-3"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-John_Walkenbach_0_79-0","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=dtSdrjjVXrwC&pg=PA198","\"Defining data types\""]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-47535-5","978-0-470-47535-5"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-80","^"]
["about:/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","doi"]
["https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-9473%2802%2900095-6","10.1016/S0167-9473(02)00095-6"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-81","^"]
["about:/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","CiteSeerX"]
["https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.455.5508","10.1.1.455.5508"]
["about:/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","doi"]
["https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.csda.2008.03.004","10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.004"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-82","^"]
["about:/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","doi"]
["https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.csda.2008.03.005","10.1016/j.csda.2008.03.005"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-83","^"]
["http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~evagold/excel.html","\"Using Excel for Statistical Data Analysis—Caveats\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20080516091435/http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~evagold/excel.html","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Heiser_84-0","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20100418172334/http://www.daheiser.info/excel/frontpage.html","\"Microsoft Excel 2000, 2003 and 2007 faults, problems, workarounds and fixes\""]
["http://www.daheiser.info/excel/frontpage.html","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-corrections_85-0","^"]
["http://blogs.msdn.com/excel/archive/2009/09/10/function-improvements-in-excel-2010.aspx","Function improvements in Excel 2010"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20100406191751/http://blogs.msdn.com/excel/archive/2009/09/10/function-improvements-in-excel-2010.aspx","Archived"]
["about:/wiki/Wayback_Machine","Wayback Machine"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-86","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20160111114148/http://www.bygsoftware.com/issues/modbug.html","\"The MOD bug\""]
["http://www.bygsoftware.com/issues/modbug.html","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-87","^"]
["http://support.microsoft.com/kb/214058/en-us","\"Days of the week before March 1, 1900 are incorrect in Excel\""]
["https://archive.today/20120714062344/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/214058/en-us","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-88","^"]
["https://docs.microsoft.com/office/troubleshoot/excel/wrongly-assumes-1900-is-leap-year","\"Excel incorrectly assumes that the year 1900 is a leap year\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20230607133954/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-ca/office/troubleshoot/excel/wrongly-assumes-1900-is-leap-year","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-89","^"]
["http://www.joelonsoftware.com/items/2006/06/16.html","\"My First BillG Review\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20080607153522/http://www.joelonsoftware.com/items/2006/06/16.html","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-The_Contradictory_Nature_of_OOXML_90-0","^"]
["http://www.consortiuminfo.org/standardsblog/article.php?story=20070117145745854","\"The Contradictory Nature of OOXML\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20090818095243/http://www.consortiuminfo.org/standardsblog/article.php?story=20070117145745854","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-91","^"]
["http://support.microsoft.com/kb/182247","\"Negative date and time value are displayed as pound signs (###) in Excel\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20150226120445/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/182247","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-ExcelAteMyDNA_92-0","^"]
["https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC459209","\"Mistaken Identifiers: Gene name errors can be introduced inadvertently when using Excel in bioinformatics\""]
["about:/wiki/BMC_Bioinformatics","BMC Bioinformatics"]
["about:/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","doi"]
["https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2105-5-80","10.1186/1471-2105-5-80"]
["about:/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","PMC"]
["https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC459209",459209]
["about:/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","PMID"]
["https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15214961",15214961]
["about:blank#cite_ref-ExcelAteMyDNAagain_93-0","a"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-ExcelAteMyDNAagain_93-1","b"]
["https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4994289","\"Gene name errors are widespread in the scientific literature\""]
["about:/wiki/Genome_Biology","Genome Biology"]
["about:/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","doi"]
["https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13059-016-1044-7","10.1186/s13059-016-1044-7"]
["about:/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","PMC"]
["https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4994289",4994289]
["about:/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","PMID"]
["https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27552985",27552985]
["about:blank#cite_ref-bbcnewsexcel_94-0","^"]
["https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-37176926","\"Microsoft Excel blamed for gene study errors\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20181121204709/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-37176926","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-95","^"]
["http://news.softpedia.com/news/one-in-five-scientific-papers-on-genes-contains-errors-because-of-excel-507582.shtml","\"One in Five Scientific Papers on Genes Contains Errors Because of Excel\""]
["about:/wiki/Softpedia","Softpedia"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20160825195333/http://news.softpedia.com/news/one-in-five-scientific-papers-on-genes-contains-errors-because-of-excel-507582.shtml","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-96","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20160830135847/http://genomespot.blogspot.co.uk/2016/08/my-personal-thoughts-on-gene-name-errors.html?m=1","\"Genome Spot: My personal thoughts on gene name errors\""]
["http://genomespot.blogspot.co.uk/2016/08/my-personal-thoughts-on-gene-name-errors.html","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-97","^"]
["https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/6/21355674/human-genes-rename-microsoft-excel-misreading-dates","\"Scientists rename human genes to stop Microsoft Excel from misreading them as dates\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20201009125307/https://www.theverge.com/2020/8/6/21355674/human-genes-rename-microsoft-excel-misreading-dates","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-98","^"]
["https://gizmodo.com/microsoft-fixes-excel-feature-that-forced-scientists-to-1850949443","\"Microsoft Fixes Excel Feature That Forced Scientists to Rename Human Genes\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-99","^"]
["https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53128145/excel-type-and-worksheetfunction-istext-fail-for-long-strings","\"Excel: type() and WorksheetFunction.IsText() fail for long strings\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20181105211758/https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53128145/excel-type-and-worksheetfunction-istext-fail-for-long-strings","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-100","^"]
["http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2004/08/02/stories/2004080200260401.htm","\"Trouble with macros\""]
["about:/wiki/Business_Line","Business Line"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20100729203805/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ew/2004/08/02/stories/2004080200260401.htm","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-101","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20100729140409/http://blogs.msdn.com/b/excel/archive/2009/01/07/why-can-t-i-open-two-files-with-the-same-name.aspx","\"Microsoft Excel – Why Can't I Open Two Files With the Same Name?\""]
["about:/wiki/MSDN_Blogs","MSDN Blogs"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation","Microsoft Corporation"]
["http://blogs.msdn.com/b/excel/archive/2009/01/07/why-can-t-i-open-two-files-with-the-same-name.aspx","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Allan_2001_102-0","a"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Allan_2001_102-1","b"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Allan_2001_102-2","c"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Allan_2001_102-3","d"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9689108-0-1","978-0-9689108-0-1"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Wallace_1993_103-0","a"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Wallace_1993_103-1","b"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Wallace_1993_103-2","c"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88730-629-7","978-0-88730-629-7"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Bishop_2015_104-0","a"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Bishop_2015_104-1","b"]
["https://www.geekwire.com/2015/recalc-or-die-30-years-later-microsoft-excel-1-0-vets-recount-a-project-that-defied-the-odds/","\"'Recalc or Die': 30 years later, Microsoft Excel 1.0 vets recount a project that defied the odds\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Freeberg_1985_105-0","^"]
["https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/american-computer-magnates-steve-jobs-co-founder-of-apple-news-photo/84623889","\"Jobs & Gates At Tavern On The Green\""]
["about:blank#cite_ref-106","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=Vi8EAAAAMBAJ&q=macintosh%20spreadsheet%20arrow%20keys%20multiplan&pg=PA30","InfoWorld First Look: Supercalc 4 challenging 1-2-3 with new tactic"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-chan_TheH_107-0","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20100927044515/http://channel9.msdn.com/series/history/the-history-of-microsoft-1987","\"The History of Microsoft – 1987\""]
["http://channel9.msdn.com/series/history/the-history-of-microsoft-1987","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-aicpa1990_108-0","^"]
["https://egrove.olemiss.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1563&context=aicpa_guides","1990 AICPA survey of computer usage"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-109","^"]
["https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-1987","\"The History of Microsoft – 1987\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20221007180805/https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/history/history-of-microsoft-1987","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-spreadsheetpage.com_110-0","a"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-spreadsheetpage.com_110-1","b"]
["https://spreadsheetpage.com/excel-version-history/","\"Excel Version History\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20200715100722/https://spreadsheetpage.com/excel-version-history/","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-111","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=imoPAQAAMAAJ&q=excel+4.0+autofill","PC/Computing guide to Excel 4.0 for Windows"]
["about:/wiki/Ziff_Davis","Ziff Davis"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781562760489",9781562760489]
["about:blank#cite_ref-112","^"]
["http://crashreboot.blogspot.com/2009/04/easter-eggs-we-have-loved-excel-4.html","\"Easter Eggs we have loved: Excel 4\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20131106214522/http://crashreboot.blogspot.com/2009/04/easter-eggs-we-have-loved-excel-4.html","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-113","^"]
["http://blogs.msdn.com/larryosterman/archive/2005/10/21/483608.aspx","\"Why no Easter Eggs?\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20100330065403/http://blogs.msdn.com/larryosterman/archive/2005/10/21/483608.aspx","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-114","^"]
["http://eeggs.com/items/719.html","\"Excel 95 Hall of Tortured Souls\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20060706082428/http://www.eeggs.com/items/719.html","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-115","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20060821233917/http://j-walk.com/ss/excel/eastereg.htm","\"Excel Oddities: Easter Eggs\""]
["http://j-walk.com/ss/excel/eastereg.htm","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-116","^"]
["http://www.totalchoicehosting.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=22511","\"Car Game in Ms Excel\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010659/http://www.totalchoicehosting.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=22511","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-117","^"]
["http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2010/Faro/DNCOCO/DNCOCO-25.pdf","User Acceptance of the Microsoft Ribbon User Interface"]
["about:/wiki/Palack%C3%BD_University_of_Olomouc","Palacký University of Olomouc"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-474-245-5","978-960-474-245-5"]
["about:/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","ISSN"]
["https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1792-6157","1792-6157"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20130226223646/http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2010/Faro/DNCOCO/DNCOCO-25.pdf","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-118","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20230322064704/https://mooresolutionsinc.com/downloads/Billing_MJ12.pdf","\"Using Excel Tables to Manipulate Billing Data\""]
["https://mooresolutionsinc.com/downloads/Billing_MJ12.pdf","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-Dodge_119-0","^"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-2321-7","978-0-7356-2321-7"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-whatsnew_120-0","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235535/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/what-s-new-in-excel-2010-HA010369709.aspx?CTT=1","\"What's New in Excel 2010\""]
["http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/what-s-new-in-excel-2010-HA010369709.aspx?CTT=1","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-121","^"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=dtSdrjjVXrwC&pg=PA20","\"Some Essential Background\""]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470475355",9780470475355]
["about:blank#cite_ref-122","^"]
["http://www.experts-exchange.com/Software/Office_Productivity/Office_Suites/MS_Office/Excel/A_12314-Excel-2013-Flash-Fill.html","\"Excel 2013 – Flash Fill\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230129/http://www.experts-exchange.com/Software/Office_Productivity/Office_Suites/MS_Office/Excel/A_12314-Excel-2013-Flash-Fill.html","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-123","^"]
["http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/what-s-new-in-excel-2013-HA102809308.aspx","\"What's new in Excel 2013\""]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_website","Office.com"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft","Microsoft"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20140122195719/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/what-s-new-in-excel-2013-HA102809308.aspx","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-124","^"]
["http://www.experts-exchange.com/Software/Office_Productivity/Office_Suites/MS_Office/Excel/A_12334-Does-a-PowerPivot-Pivot-Table-beat-a-regular-Pivot-Table.html","\"Does a PowerPivot Pivot Table beat a regular Pivot Table\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003126/http://www.experts-exchange.com/Software/Office_Productivity/Office_Suites/MS_Office/Excel/A_12334-Does-a-PowerPivot-Pivot-Table-beat-a-regular-Pivot-Table.html","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-125","^"]
["http://www.experts-exchange.com/Software/Office_Productivity/Office_Suites/MS_Office/Excel/A_11629-Inquire-Add-In-for-Excel-2013.html","\"Inquire Add-In for Excel 2013\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013711/http://www.experts-exchange.com/Software/Office_Productivity/Office_Suites/MS_Office/Excel/A_11629-Inquire-Add-In-for-Excel-2013.html","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-126","^"]
["http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/new-functions-in-excel-2013-HA103980604.aspx","\"New functions in Excel 2013\""]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_website","Office.com"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft","Microsoft"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021138/http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/new-functions-in-excel-2013-HA103980604.aspx","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-127","^"]
["https://support.office.com/en-us/article/What-s-new-in-Office-2016-Preview-4841f061-d019-45cc-af74-3e89c8cff1c4","\"What's new in Office 2016\""]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_website","Office.com"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft","Microsoft"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20150905061212/https://support.office.com/en-us/article/What-s-new-in-Office-2016-Preview-4841f061-d019-45cc-af74-3e89c8cff1c4","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-128","^"]
["https://news.microsoft.com/1998/01/06/microsoft-announces-march-availability-of-office-98-macintosh-edition/","\"Microsoft Announces March Availability of Office 98 Macintosh Edition\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20171230171920/https://news.microsoft.com/1998/01/06/microsoft-announces-march-availability-of-office-98-macintosh-edition/","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-129","^"]
["http://recode.net/2015/07/16/office-for-mac-is-finally-a-first-class-citizen/","\"Office for Mac Is Finally a 'First-Class Citizen'\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20150726185607/http://recode.net/2015/07/16/office-for-mac-is-finally-a-first-class-citizen/","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-130","^"]
["https://archive.today/20130411221828/http://downloadsquad.switched.com/2005/11/20/happy-birthday-windows","\"Windows at 20: 20 things you didn't know about Windows 1.0\""]
["http://downloadsquad.switched.com/2005/11/20/happy-birthday-windows","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-131","^"]
["http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9128538/Attackers_exploit_unpatched_Excel_vulnerability","\"Attackers exploit unpatched Excel vulnerability\""]
["about:/wiki/Computerworld","Computerworld"]
["about:/wiki/IDG_Communications,_Inc.","IDG Communications, Inc."]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20140715034015/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9128538/Attackers_exploit_unpatched_Excel_vulnerability","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-132","^"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224430/https://firstlook.org/theintercept/document/2014/07/14/jtrig-tools-techniques/","\"JTRIG Tools and Techniques\""]
["about:/wiki/The_Intercept","The Intercept"]
["https://firstlook.org/theintercept/document/2014/07/14/jtrig-tools-techniques/","the original"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-133","^"]
["https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1217406-jtrigall.html#document/p4","\"JTRIG Tools and Techniques\""]
["about:/wiki/The_Intercept","The Intercept"]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20140808040612/https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1217406-jtrigall.html#document/p4","Archived"]
["about:/wiki/DocumentCloud","DocumentCloud"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-134","^"]
["https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/6-iconic-games-recreated-microsoft-excel/","\"8 Legendary Games Recreated in Microsoft Excel\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20230216002404/https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/6-iconic-games-recreated-microsoft-excel/","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-135","^"]
["https://earnandexcel.com/blog/excel-games/","\"Excel Games – Fun Things to Do With Spreadsheets\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20230216002405/https://earnandexcel.com/blog/excel-games/","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-136","^"]
["https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/excel-blog/unusual-uses-of-excel/ba-p/3576867","\"Unusual Uses of Excel\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20230216002404/https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/excel-blog/unusual-uses-of-excel/ba-p/3576867","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-137","^"]
["https://www.engadget.com/2019-09-09-civilization-microsoft-excel.html","\"Someone made a version of 'Civilization' that runs in Microsoft Excel\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20230216002403/https://www.engadget.com/2019-09-09-civilization-microsoft-excel.html","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-138","^"]
["https://www.contextures.com/excelgames.html","\"Have Fun Playing Games in Excel\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20230209212421/https://www.contextures.com/excelgames.html","Archived"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-139","^"]
["https://www.oneesports.gg/gaming/microsoft-excel-esports-real-tournament/","\"Microsoft Excel esports is real and it already has an international tournament\""]
["https://web.archive.org/web/20230216002405/https://www.oneesports.gg/gaming/microsoft-excel-esports-real-tournament/","Archived"]
["https://books.google.com/books?id=VnegO0pMYlIC","Professional Excel Development: The Definitive Guide to Developing Applications Using Microsoft Excel and VBA"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-50879-9","978-0-321-50879-9"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-2321-7","978-0-7356-2321-7"]
["about:/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","ISBN"]
["about:/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-38123-6","978-0-470-38123-6"]
["https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/lambda-the-ultimatae-excel-worksheet-function/","\"LAMBDA: The ultimate Excel worksheet function\""]
["about:/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"]
["https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Microsoft_Excel","Microsoft Excel"]
["about:/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg"]
["https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Excel","Excel"]
["https://www.microsoft.com/microsoft-365/excel","Microsoft Excel"]
["about:/wiki/Template:Spreadsheets","v"]
["about:/wiki/Template_talk:Spreadsheets","t"]
["about:/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spreadsheets","e"]
["about:/wiki/Spreadsheet","Spreadsheets"]
["about:/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software","Free and open-source"]
["about:/wiki/Calligra_Sheets","Calligra Sheets"]
["about:/wiki/Collabora_Online","Collabora Online"]
["about:/wiki/LibreOffice_Calc","LibreOffice"]
["about:/wiki/Apache_OpenOffice","OpenOffice"]
["about:/wiki/Gnumeric","Gnumeric"]
["about:/wiki/Pyspread","Pyspread"]
["about:/wiki/Proprietary_software","Proprietary freeware"]
["about:/wiki/Google_Sheets","Google Sheets"]
["about:/wiki/WPS_Office","WPS Spreadsheet"]
["about:/wiki/Retail_software","Retail"]
["about:/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet)","Apple Numbers"]
[null,"Microsoft Excel"]
["about:/wiki/PlanMaker","PlanMaker"]
["about:/wiki/Quattro_Pro","Quattro Pro"]
["about:blank#cite_note-140","[1]"]
["about:/wiki/Spreadsheet#History","Discontinued"]
["about:/wiki/AppleWorks","AppleWorks"]
["about:/wiki/As-Easy-As","As-Easy-As"]
["about:/wiki/Boeing_Calc","Boeing Calc"]
["about:/wiki/Claris_Resolve","Claris Resolve"]
["about:/wiki/StarOffice","StarOffice"]
["about:/wiki/OpenOffice.org","OpenOffice.org"]
["about:/wiki/Go-oo","Go-oo"]
["about:/wiki/NeoOffice","NeoOffice"]
["about:/wiki/Full_Impact","Full Impact"]
["about:/wiki/Gobe_Productive","Gobe Productive"]
["about:/wiki/GNU_Oleo","GNU Oleo"]
["about:/wiki/Informix_Wingz","Informix Wingz"]
["about:/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Symphony","IBM Lotus Symphony"]
["about:/wiki/KCells","KCells"]
["about:/wiki/Lotus_1-2-3","Lotus 1-2-3"]
["about:/wiki/Lotus_Improv","Lotus Improv"]
["about:/wiki/Lucid_3-D","Lucid 3-D"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Works","Microsoft Works"]
["about:/wiki/Multiplan","Multiplan"]
["about:/wiki/Sc_(spreadsheet_calculator)","sc"]
["about:/wiki/Siag_Office","Siag"]
["about:/wiki/SuperCalc","SuperCalc"]
["about:/wiki/T/Maker","T/Maker"]
["about:/wiki/VisiCalc","VisiCalc"]
["about:/wiki/Category:Spreadsheet_software","Category"]
["about:/wiki/File:Symbol_na_class.svg"]
["about:/wiki/Comparison_of_spreadsheet_software","Comparison"]
["about:/wiki/List_of_spreadsheet_software","List"]
["about:/wiki/Online_spreadsheet","Online spreadsheet"]
["about:/wiki/Template:Microsoft_365","v"]
["about:/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_365","t"]
["about:/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_365","e"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_365","Microsoft 365"]
["about:/wiki/History_of_Microsoft_Office","History"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft","Microsoft"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office","Microsoft Office"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Windows","Windows"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_3.0",3]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_4.x","4.x"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_95",95]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_97",97]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2000",2000]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XP","XP"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2003",2003]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007",2007]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2010",2010]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2013",2013]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2016",2016]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2019",2019]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2021",2021]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2024",2024]
["about:/wiki/Mac_operating_systems","Mac"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_3.0",3]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_4.2_for_Macintosh",4.2]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_98_Macintosh_Edition",98]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2001",2001]
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["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2004_for_Mac",2004]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2008_for_Mac",2008]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_for_Mac_2011",2011]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2016",2016]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2019",2019]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2021",2021]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2024",2024]
["about:/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_365_applications_and_services","list"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Access","Access"]
[null,"Excel"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_OneNote","OneNote"]
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["about:/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint","PowerPoint"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Project","Project"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Publisher","Publisher"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Teams","Teams"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Visio","Visio"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Word","Word"]
["about:/wiki/SharePoint","SharePoint"]
["about:/wiki/Excel_Services","Excel Services"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Project_Server","Project Server"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Search_Server","Search Server"]
["about:/wiki/Skype_for_Business_Server","Skype for Business Server"]
[null,"Excel"]
["about:/wiki/Office_Lens","Lens"]
["about:/wiki/OneDrive","OneDrive"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_OneNote","OneNote"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook","Outlook"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint","PowerPoint"]
["about:/wiki/Office_Remote","Remote"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Sway","Sway"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Teams","Teams"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Word","Word"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Bookings","Bookings"]
["about:/wiki/Office_Delve","Delve"]
[null,"Excel"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Forms","Forms"]
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["about:/wiki/OneDrive","OneDrive"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_OneNote","OneNote"]
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["about:/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint","PowerPoint"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Project","Project"]
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["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Stream","Stream"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Sway","Sway"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Teams","Teams"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_To_Do","To Do"]
["about:/wiki/Office_365_Video","Video"]
["about:/wiki/Viva_Engage","Viva Engage"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Word","Word"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_shared_tools#Discontinued","Discontinued shared tools"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Accounting","Accounting"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Classroom","Classroom"]
["about:/wiki/Docs.com","Docs.com"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Entourage","Entourage"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_FrontPage","FrontPage"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_InfoPath","InfoPath"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_InterConnect","InterConnect"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Kaizala","Kaizala"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Liquid_Motion","Liquid Motion"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Live_Meeting","Live Meeting"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Lync","Lync"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Mail","Mail"]
["about:/wiki/Office_Assistant","Office Assistant"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Live","Office Live"]
["about:/wiki/OneDrive_Groups","OneDrive Groups"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_PerformancePoint_Server","PerformancePoint Server"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Photo_Editor","Photo Editor"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_PhotoDraw","PhotoDraw"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Picture_Manager","Picture Manager"]
["about:/wiki/Ribbon_Hero","Ribbon Hero"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Designer","SharePoint Designer"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Workspace","SharePoint Workspace"]
["about:/wiki/Skype_for_Business","Skype for Business"]
["about:/wiki/SNP_file_format","Snapshot Viewer for Access"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Vizact","Vizact"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Word_Viewer","Word Viewer"]
["about:/wiki/Information_Bridge_Framework","Information Bridge Framework"]
["about:/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding","Object Linking and Embedding"]
["about:/wiki/Office_Open_XML","Office Open XML"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XML_formats","Office XML formats"]
["about:/wiki/Power_Pivot","Power Pivot"]
["about:/wiki/Smart_tag_(Microsoft)","Smart tags"]
["about:/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications","Visual Basic for Applications"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot","Microsoft Copilot"]
["about:/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Office_filename_extensions","Microsoft Office filename extensions"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Office_password_protection","Microsoft Office password protection"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Platform","Microsoft Power Platform"]
["about:/wiki/Microsoft_Product_Activation","Microsoft Product Activation"]
["about:/wiki/Office_Genuine_Advantage","Office Genuine Advantage"]
["about:/wiki/Category:Microsoft_Office","Category"]
["about:/wiki/Help:Authority_control","Authority control databases"]
["https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11272#identifiers"]
["https://d-nb.info/gnd/4138932-3","Germany"]
["https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135595&CON_LNG=ENG","Czech Republic"]
["https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007287341405171","Israel"]
["https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620346106706","Catalonia"]
["about:blank#cite_ref-140","^"]
["https://sourcetable.com/","AI Spreadsheet."]
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["about:/wiki/Help:Category","Categories"]
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["about:/wiki/Category:Microsoft_Office","Microsoft Office"]
["about:/wiki/Category:Spreadsheet_software_for_macOS","Spreadsheet software for macOS"]
["about:/wiki/Category:Spreadsheet_software_for_Windows","Spreadsheet software for Windows"]
["about:/wiki/Category:Proprietary_cross-platform_software","Proprietary cross-platform software"]
["about:/wiki/Category:Microsoft_software","Microsoft software"]
["about:/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links","Webarchive template wayback links"]
["about:/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description","Articles with short description"]
["about:/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata","Short description matches Wikidata"]
["about:/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages"]
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["about:/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements","All articles with unsourced statements"]
["about:/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2016","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016"]
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["about:/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements","All articles containing potentially dated statements"]
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["about:/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia","Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia"]
["about:/wiki/Category:Articles_with_example_code","Articles with example code"]
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["https://wikimediafoundation.org/","Wikimedia Foundation, Inc."]
["https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy","Privacy policy"]
["about:/wiki/Wikipedia:About","About Wikipedia"]
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[null,null,null,null,"is a  editor developed by  for , , ,  and . It features  or  capabilities, graphing tools, , and a  programming language called  (VBA). Excel forms part of the  and  suites of software and has been developed since 1985.","spreadsheet","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet"]
[null,null,null,null,"Logo from 2013â€“2019"]
[null,null,null,null,"Logo from 2007â€“2010"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Features"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Basic operation"]
[]
[11,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Harvey-12","[","]","Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of  arranged in numbered  and letter-named  to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, and financial needs. In addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives (using  and the ). A  is a tool for . It does this by simplifying large data sets via PivotTable fields. It has a programming aspect, , allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of mathematical physics, and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself as a so-called , or  (DSS), via a custom-designed user interface, for example, a stock analyzer, or in general, as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports. In a more elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule, analyze the results, make a  report or  slide show, and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants.","data analysis","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_analysis"]
[19,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-20","[","]","Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Functions"]
[]
[20,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-21","[","]","Excel 2016 has 484 functions. Of these, 360 existed prior to Excel 2010. Microsoft classifies these functions into 14 categories. Of the 484 current functions, 386 may be called from  as methods of the object \"WorksheetFunction\" and 44 have the same names as VBA functions.","VBA","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications"]
[23,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-24","[","]","With the introduction of LAMBDA, Excel became ."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Macro programming"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"VBA programming"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Use of a user-defined function  in Microsoft Excel. The named variables  &  are identified in the . The function  is introduced using the  editor supplied with Excel.","x"]
[null,null,null,null,"Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable  read from the spreadsheet, and writes it into the named column variable .","y"]
[24,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Press-25","[","]","The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a dialect of . Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE), which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet.","Visual Basic","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic"]
[25,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-26","[","]","VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008, as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to . VBA was restored in the next version, Mac Excel 2011, although the build lacks support for  objects, impacting some high level developer tools.","Mac OS X","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS#Mac_OS_X"]
[27,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Walkenbach-28","[","]","A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the  Recorder. The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompt by their own properties, and some graphical display items, cannot be recorded but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed.","Macro","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)"]
[null,null,null,null,"Macro Recorded code may not be compatible with Excel versions. Some code that is used in Excel 2010 cannot be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the cell colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible."]
[28,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Walkenbach2-29","[","]","VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel , a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects, and a set of supplied functions or  that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example, through custom toolbars or  and ). User-created VBA  execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, but are more flexible and efficient."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"History"]
[29,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-30","[","]","From its first version Excel supported end-user programming of macros (automation of repetitive tasks) and user-defined functions (extension of Excel's built-in function library). In early versions of Excel, these programs were written in a macro language whose statements had formula syntax and resided in the cells of special-purpose macro sheets (stored with file extension .XLM in Windows.) XLM was the default macro language for Excel through Excel 4.0. Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default but with version 5.0 XLM recording was still allowed as an option. After version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2021, are capable of running an XLM macro, though Microsoft discourages their use."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Python programming"]
[31,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Introducing_Python-32","[","]","In 2023 Microsoft announced Excel would support the  programming language directly. As of January 2024, Python in Excel is available in the Microsoft 365 Insider Program.","Python","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Charts"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Excel supports , , or  generated from specified groups of cells. It also supports Pivot Charts that allow for a chart to be linked directly to a Pivot table. This allows the chart to be refreshed with the Pivot Table. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet or added as a separate object.","charts","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart"]
[null,null,null,null,"These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells changes. For example, suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually; then, in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters, the curves describing the design change shape, and their points of intersection shift, assisting the selection of the best design."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Add-ins"]
[null,null,null,null,"Additional features are available using . Several are provided with Excel, including:"]
[null,null,null,null,"Analysis ToolPak: Provides data analysis tools for statistical and engineering analysis (includes  and )","regression analysis","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Data storage and communication"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Number of rows and columns"]
[33,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-34","[","]","Versions of Excel up to 7.0 had a limitation in the size of their data sets of 16K (2 = ) rows. Versions 8.0 through 11.0 could handle 64K (2 = ) rows and 256 columns (2 as label 'IV'). Version 12.0 onwards, including the current Version 16.x, can handle over 1M (2 = ) rows, and  (2, labeled as column 'XFD') columns.",20]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"File formats"]
[]
[34,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-35","[","]","Up until the 2007 version, Microsoft Excel used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary format. Excel 2007 uses  as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous -based format called \"XML Spreadsheet\" (\"XMLSS\"), first introduced in Excel 2002.","Office Open XML","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Open_XML"]
[36,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-37","[","]","Although supporting and encouraging the use of new XML-based formats as replacements, Excel 2007 remained backwards-compatible with the traditional, binary formats. In addition, most versions of Microsoft Excel can read , , , , and other legacy formats. Support for some older file formats was removed in Excel 2007. The file formats were mainly from DOS-based programs.","CSV","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma-separated_values"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Binary"]
[37,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-38","[","]","has created documentation of the Excel format. Two epochs of the format exist: the 97-2003  format, and the older stream format. Microsoft has made the Excel binary format specification available to freely download.","OpenOffice.org","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"XML Spreadsheet"]
[]
[35,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-xml-36","[","]","The  format introduced in Excel 2002 is a simple, XML based format missing some more advanced features like storage of VBA macros. Though the intended file extension for this format is , the program also correctly handles XML files with  extension. This feature is widely used by third-party applications (e.g. ) to offer \"export to Excel\" capabilities without implementing binary file format. The following example will be correctly opened by Excel if saved either as  or :"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Current file extensions"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Microsoft Excel 2007, along with the other products in the  suite, introduced new file formats. The first of these (.xlsx) is defined in the Office Open XML (OOXML) specification.","Microsoft Office 2007","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007"]
[39,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-40","[","]"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Old file extensions"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Using other Windows applications"]
[40,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Newcomer-41","[","]","Windows applications such as  and Microsoft Word, as well as Excel can communicate with each other and use each other's capabilities. The most common is : although strongly deprecated by Microsoft, this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows, with official MS publications referring to it as \"the protocol from hell\". As the name suggests, it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. It is very common in financial markets, being used to connect to important financial data services such as  and .","Microsoft Access","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Access"]
[41,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Schmalz-42","[","]","OLE Object Linking and Embedding allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data. This may take on the form of \"embedding\" where an application uses another to handle a task that it is more suited to, for example a  presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Using external data"]
[null,null,null,null,"Excel users can access external  via Microsoft Office features such as (for example)  connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied  driver.","data sources","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file"]
[null,null,null,null,"Excel can accept data in real-time through several programming interfaces, which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters (through addins such as ).","Power Plus Pro","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Plus_Pro"]
[40,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Newcomer-41","[","]","DDE: \"Dynamic Data Exchange\" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Although it is easy for users to create such links, programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft, the creators of the system, officially refer to it as \"the protocol from hell\". In spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets."]
[48,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-49","[","]","Alternatively,  provides  browsing within Microsoft Excel.","ODBC-based","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Database_Connectivity"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Export and migration of spreadsheets"]
[null,null,null,null,"Programmers have produced  to open Excel spreadsheets in a variety of applications and environments other than Microsoft Excel. These include opening Excel documents on the web using either ActiveX controls, or plugins like the . The   project provides  libraries for reading and writing Excel spreadsheet files.","Adobe Flash Player","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Password protection"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Microsoft Excel protection offers several types of passwords:"]
[51,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-52","[","]","Password to open a document"]
[null,null,null,null,"All passwords except  can be removed instantly regardless of the Microsoft Excel version used to create the document. These types of passwords are used primarily for shared work on a document. Such password-protected documents are not , and data sources from a set password are saved in a document's .  is an exception â€“ when it is set, a document is encrypted with the standard password \"VelvetSweatshop\", but since it is known to the public, it actually does not add any extra protection to the document. The only type of password that can prevent a trespasser from gaining access to a document is the . The cryptographic strength of this kind of protection depends strongly on the Microsoft Excel version that was used to create the document.","header","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Header_(computing)"]
[null,null,null,null,"In  and earlier versions, the password to open is converted to a 16-bit  that can be instantly cracked. In  the password is converted to a 40-bit key, which can also be cracked very quickly using modern equipment. As regards services that use  (e.g. Password-Find), it takes up to several seconds to remove protection. In addition, password-cracking programs can  passwords at a rate of hundreds of thousands of passwords a second, which not only lets them decrypt a document but also find the original password.","key","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography)"]
[null,null,null,null,"In  the encryption is slightly better â€“ a user can choose any encryption algorithm that is available in the system (see ). Due to the CSP, an  file cannot be decrypted, and thus the  cannot be removed, though the brute-force attack speed remains quite high. Nevertheless, the older  algorithm is set by the default. Therefore, users who do not change the default settings lack reliable protection of their documents.","Cryptographic Service Provider","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_Service_Provider"]
[null,null,null,null,"The situation changed fundamentally in , where the modern  algorithm with a key of 128 bits started being used for decryption, and a 50,000-fold use of the hash function  reduced the speed of brute-force attacks down to hundreds of passwords per second. In , the strength of the protection by the default was increased two times due to the use of a 100,000-fold SHA1 to convert a password to a key.","AES","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Other platforms"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel for mobile"]
[]
[54,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-TechHive-55","[","]","Excel Mobile is a spreadsheet program that can edit XLSX files. It can edit and format text in cells, calculate formulas, search within the spreadsheet, sort rows and columns, freeze panes, filter the columns, add comments, and create charts. It cannot add columns or rows except at the edge of the document, rearrange columns or rows, delete rows or columns, or add spreadsheet tabs. The 2007 version has the ability to use a full-screen mode to deal with limited screen resolution, as well as split panes to view different parts of a worksheet at one time. Protection settings, zoom settings, autofilter settings, certain chart formatting, hidden sheets, and other features are not supported on Excel Mobile, and will be modified upon opening and saving a workbook. In 2015, Excel Mobile became available for Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile on ."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel for the web"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Excel for the web is a free lightweight version of Microsoft Excel available as part of Office on the web, which also includes web versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft PowerPoint."]
[62,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-osupport-excel-63","[","]","Excel for the web can display most of the features available in the desktop versions of Excel, although it may not be able to insert or edit them. Certain data connections are not accessible on Excel for the web, including with charts that may use these external connections. Excel for the web also cannot display legacy features, such as Excel 4.0 macros or Excel 5.0 dialog sheets. There are also small differences between how some of the Excel functions work."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Microsoft Excel Viewer"]
[63,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-64","[","]","Microsoft Excel Viewer was a freeware program for  for viewing and printing spreadsheet documents created by Excel. Microsoft retired the viewer in April 2018 with the last security update released in February 2019 for Excel Viewer 2007 (SP3).","Microsoft Windows","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"]
[66,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-67","[","]","The first version released by Microsoft was Excel 97 Viewer. Excel 97 Viewer was supported in  for . In October 2004, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003. In September 2007, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2003 Service Pack 3 (SP3). In January 2008, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 (featuring a non-collapsible  interface). In April 2009, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 2 (SP2). In October 2011, Microsoft released Excel Viewer 2007 Service Pack 3 (SP3).","Handheld PCs","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_PC"]
[64,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-ExcelviewerEOL-65","[","]","Microsoft advises to view and print Excel files for free to use the  application for  and for  and  to upload the file to  and use  with a  to open them in a .","Excel Mobile","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office#Office_for_Android,_iOS_and_Windows_10_Mobile"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Limitations and errors"]
[null,null,null,null,"In addition to  in general, other problems specific to Excel include numeric precision, misleading statistics functions, mod function errors, date limitations and more.","issues with spreadsheets","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet#Shortcomings"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Numeric precision"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers, but they are not always accurate: the bottom line should be the same as the top line."]
[null,null,null,null,"Despite the use of 15-figure precision, Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. But the displayed figures are  those actually used in its computations, and so, for example, the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal, exceptions do occur, especially for very large or very small numbers. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example, using the Excel  function), as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable."]
[null,null,null,null,"In the figure, the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones, Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. In the second line, the number one is added to the fraction, and again Excel displays only 15 figures. In the third line, one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal, the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. However, the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of  1's and two extra erroneous digits. This is because Excel calculates with about half a digit more than it displays."]
[75,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-microsoft_spec-76","[","]","Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the . Excel's implementation involves conversions between binary and decimal representations, leading to accuracy that is on average better than one would expect from simple fifteen digit precision, but that can be worse. See the main article for details."]
[76,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Altman-77","[","]","Besides accuracy in user computations, the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions, Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation."]
[78,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-John_Walkenbach_0-79","[","]","As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA, an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA, which varies with variable type and user-requested precision."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Statistical functions"]
[79,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-80","[","]","The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized, as mishandling situations when data is missing, as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers, as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed, and as having a limited set of statistical tools. Microsoft has announced that some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel MOD function error"]
[85,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-86","[","]","Excel has issues with . In the case of excessively large results, Excel will return the error warning  instead of an answer."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fictional leap day in 1900"]
[86,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-87","[","]","Excel includes February 29, 1900, incorrectly treating 1900 as a , even though e.g. 2100 is correctly treated as a non-leap year. Thus, a formula counting dates between (for example) February 1, 1900 and March 1, 1900 will return an incorrect result. The bug originated from , where it was deliberately implemented to save computer memory, and was also intentionally implemented in Excel for the purpose of . This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format.","leap year","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Date range"]
[null,null,null,null,"Excel supports dates with years in the range 1900â€“9999, except that December 31, 1899, can be entered as 0 and is displayed as 0-jan-1900."]
[90,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-91","[","]","Converting a fraction of a day into hours, minutes and days by treating it as a moment on the day January 1, 1900, does not work for a negative fraction."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Conversion problems"]
[null,null,null,null,"If text is entered that happens to be in a form that Excel interprets as a date, the text can be unintentionally changed to a standard date format. A similar problem occurs when a text happens to be in the form of a floating-point notation of a number. In these cases the original exact text cannot be recovered from the result. Formatting the cell as TEXT before entering ambiguous text prevents Excel from converting it."]
[91,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-ExcelAteMyDNA-92","[","]","This issue has caused a well known problem in the analysis of , for example in . As first reported in 2004, genetic scientists found that Excel automatically and incorrectly converts certain  into dates. A follow-up study in 2016 found many   papers had been affected and that \"Of the selected journals, the proportion of published articles with Excel files containing gene lists that are affected by gene name errors is 19.6%.\" Excel parses the copied and pasted data and sometimes changes them depending on what it thinks they are. For example,  gets converted to the date March 1 (1-Mar) and  is converted into September 2 (2-Sep) etc. While some secondary news sources reported this as a fault with Excel, the original authors of the 2016 paper placed the blame with the researchers misusing Excel.","DNA","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"]
[96,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-97","[","]","In August 2020 the  published new guidelines in the journal  regarding gene naming in order to avoid issues with \"symbols that affect data handling and retrieval.\" As of 2020, 27 genes had been renamed, including changing MARCH1 to MARCHF1 and SEPT1 to SEPTIN1 in order to avoid accidental conversion of the gene names into dates.","HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUGO_Gene_Nomenclature_Committee"]
[97,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-98","[","]","In October 2023, Microsoft introduced a settings option that allows the conversion to be disabled."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Errors with large strings"]
[98,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-99","[","]","The following functions return incorrect results when passed a string longer than 255 characters:"]
[null,null,null,null,"incorrectly returns 16, meaning \"Error value\""]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Filenames"]
[null,null,null,null,"Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error:"]
[99,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-100","[","]","A document with the name '%s' is already open. You cannot open two documents with the same name, even if the documents are in different folders. To open the second document, either close the document that is currently open, or rename one of the documents."]
[100,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-101","[","]","The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. If there is a cell , and there are two books named \"Book1\" open, there is no way to tell which one the user means."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Versions"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Early history"]
[101,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Allan_2001-102","[","]","In 1982, Microsoft launched its first spreadsheet program, , which gained popularity on  systems. However, Multiplan struggled to compete on  systems, losing market share to , which became the dominant spreadsheet program by 1983, surpassing both Multiplan and the earlier .","Multiplan","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplan"]
[101,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Allan_2001-102","[","]","To address Multiplan's falling marketshare, Microsoft began developing a new, advanced spreadsheet program in 1983, codenamed \"Odyssey.\" The project was led by Jabe Blumenthal, who worked on its design, and Doug Klunder, the primary developer of Multiplan. Originally intended for IBM PCs running CP/M and MS-DOS, the project shifted focus in early 1984 when Lotus began developing Jazz, an integrated program for the , and Lotus 1-2-3 maintained its dominance on IBM PCs. In March 1984,  redirected Odyssey's development to the Macintosh platform, which required supporting the system's 512 KB memory. This decision delayed the project by nine months, after which Klunder temporarily left Microsoft to work growing lettuce, and the project then was led by Philip Florence, a former developer at . After Florence had a heart attack, Klunder returned to finish the project.","Bill Gates","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates"]
[101,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Allan_2001-102","[","]","On May 2, 1985,  of  and Bill Gates held a joint press conference at  in New York City to publicly announce Excel for Apple's Macintosh platform. Following the announcement, the software was officially released for sale on September 30, 1985. The first Windows version, Excel 2.05, followed on November 19, 1987, designed to align with the Macintosh version 2.2. A 1990  member survey found that 2% of respondents used Excel as their spreadsheet, 3% as their database, and 8% for graphics.  was slow to bring 1-2-3 to Windows and by the early 1990s, Excel had started to outsell 1-2-3 and helped  achieve its position as a leading PC software developer. This accomplishment solidified Microsoft as a valid competitor and showed its future in developing  software. Microsoft maintained its advantage with regular new releases, every two years or so.","Steve Jobs","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Microsoft Windows"]
[null,null,null,null,"Excel 2.0 is the first version of Excel for the  platform. Versions prior to 2.0 were only available on the Apple Macintosh.","Intel","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 2.0 (1987)"]
[108,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-109","[","]","The first Windows version was labeled \"2\" to correspond to the Mac version. It was announced on October 6, 1987, and released on November 19. This included a run-time version of Windows."]
[null,null,null,null,"in 1989 listed Excel for Windows as among the \"Distinction\" winners of the BYTE Awards. The magazine stated that the port of the \"extraordinary\" Macintosh version \"shines\", with a user interface as good as or better than the original."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 3.0 (1990)"]
[109,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-spreadsheetpage.com-110","[","]","Included toolbars, drawing capabilities, outlining, add-in support, 3D charts, and many more new features."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 4.0 (1992)"]
[110,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-111","[","]","Included with , this version introduced .","Microsoft Office 3.0","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_3.0"]
[111,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-112","[","]","Also, an  in Excel 4.0 reveals a hidden animation of a dancing set of numbers 1 through 3, representing Lotus 1â€“2â€“3, which is then crushed by an Excel logo.","easter egg","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_(media)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 5.0 (1993)"]
[null,null,null,null,"With version 5.0, included in , Excel included Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programming language based on  which adds the ability to automate tasks in Excel and to provide  (UDF) for use in worksheets. VBA includes a fully featured  (IDE).  recording can produce VBA code replicating user actions, thus allowing simple automation of regular tasks. VBA allows the creation of forms and inâ€‘worksheet controls to communicate with the user. The language supports use (but not creation) of  () 's; later versions add support for class modules allowing the use of basic  techniques.","Microsoft Office 4.2 and 4.3","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_4.x"]
[null,null,null,null,"The automation functionality provided by VBA made Excel a target for . This caused serious problems until antivirus products began to detect these viruses. Microsoft belatedly took steps to prevent the misuse by adding the ability to disable macros completely, to enable macros when opening a workbook or to trust all macros signed using a trusted certificate.","macro viruses","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_virus"]
[112,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-113","[","]","Versions 5.0 to 9.0 of Excel contain various , including a \"Hall of Tortured Souls\", a -like minigame, although since versionÂ 10 Microsoft has taken measures to eliminate such undocumented features from their products.",null,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)"]
[null,null,null,null,"5.0 was released in a 16-bit x86 version for Windows 3.1 and later in a 32-bit version for NT 3.51 (x86/Alpha/PowerPC)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 95 (v7.0)"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Released in 1995 with , this is the first major version after Excel 5.0, as there is no Excel 6.0 with all of the Office applications standardizing on the same major version number."]
[null,null,null,null,"Internal rewrite to 32-bits. Almost no external changes, but faster and more stable."]
[113,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-114","[","]","Excel 95 contained a hidden -like mini-game called \"The Hall of Tortured Souls\", a series of rooms featuring the names and faces of the developers as an Easter egg."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 97 (v8.0)"]
[null,null,null,null,"Included in  (for x86 and Alpha). This was a major upgrade that introduced the paper clip office assistant and featured standard VBA used instead of internal Excel Basic. It introduced the now-removed Natural Language labels."]
[null,null,null,null,"This version of Excel includes a flight simulator as an Easter egg."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 2000 (v9.0)"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Included in . This was a minor upgrade but introduced an upgrade to the clipboard where it can hold multiple objects at once. The Office Assistant, whose frequent unsolicited appearance in Excel 97 had annoyed many users, became less intrusive."]
[114,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-115","[","]","A small 3-D game called \"Dev Hunter\" (inspired by ) was included as an Easter egg.","Spy Hunter","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Hunter"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 2002 (v10.0)"]
[null,null,null,null,"Included in . Very minor enhancements."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 2003 (v11.0)"]
[null,null,null,null,"Included in . Minor enhancements."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 2007 (v12.0)"]
[]
[116,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-117","[","]","Included in . This release was a major upgrade from the previous version. Similar to other updated Office products, Excel in 2007 used the new Ribbon menu system. This was different from what users were used to, and was met with mixed reactions. One study reported fairly good acceptance by users except for highly experienced users and users of word processing applications with a classical , but was less convinced in terms of efficiency and organization. However, an online survey reported that a majority of respondents had a negative opinion of the change, with advanced users being \"somewhat more negative\" than intermediate users, and users reporting a  reduction in productivity."]
[117,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-118","[","]","Added functionality included Tables, and the  set of editable business diagrams. Also added was an improved management of named variables through the , and much-improved flexibility in formatting graphs, which allow () coordinate labeling and lines of arbitrary weight. Several improvements to pivot tables were introduced.","SmartArt","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007#SmartArt"]
[118,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-Dodge-119","[","]","Also like other office products, the Office Open XML file formats were introduced, including  for a workbook with macros and  for a workbook without macros."]
[null,null,null,null,"Specifically, many of the size limitations of previous versions were greatly increased. To illustrate, the number of rows was now 1,048,576 (2) and the columns was 16,384 (2; the far-right column is XFD). This changes what is a valid Â reference versus a named range. This version made more extensive use of multiple cores for the calculation of spreadsheets; however, VBA macros are not handled in parallel and XLL addâ€‘ins were only executed in parallel if they were  and this was indicated at registration.","thread-safe","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_safety"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 2010 (v14.0)"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"Included in , this is the next major version after v12.0, as version .","number 13 was skipped","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia"]
[119,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-whatsnew-120","[","]","Minor enhancements and 64-bit support, including the following:"]
[120,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-121","[","]","Multi-threading recalculation (MTR) for commonly used functions","backstage"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 2013 (v15.0)"]
[null,null,null,null,"Included in , along with a lot of new tools included in this release:"]
[121,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-122","[","]","Improved Multi-threading and Memory Contention",null,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Pivot"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 2016 (v16.0)"]
[null,null,null,null,"Included in , along with a lot of new tools included in this release:"]
[126,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-127","[","]","integration",null,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Query"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Excel 2019, Excel 2021, Office 365 and subsequent (v16.0)"]
[null,null,null,null,"Microsoft no longer releases Office or Excel in discrete versions. Instead, features are introduced automatically over time using Windows Update. The version number remains 16.0. Thereafter only the approximate dates when features appear can now be given."]
[null,null,null,null,"Dynamic Arrays. These are essentially Array Formulas but they \"Spill\" automatically into neighboring cells and do not need the ctrl-shift-enter to create them. Further, dynamic arrays are the default format, with new \"@\" and \"#\" operators to provide compatibility with previous versions. This is perhaps the biggest structural change since 2007, and is in response to a similar feature in . Dynamic arrays started appearing in pre-releases about 2018, and as of March 2020 are available in published versions of Office 365 provided a user selected \"Office Insiders\".",null,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Sheets"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Apple Macintosh"]
[]
[127,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-128","[","]","1985 Excel 1.0","Office 98","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_4.x"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"OS/2"]
[null,null,null,null,"1989 Excel 2.2"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Summary"]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Impact"]
[null,null,null,null,"Excel offers many  tweaks over the earliest electronic spreadsheets; however, the essence remains the same as in the original spreadsheet software, : the program displays cells organized in rows and columns, and each cell may contain data or a formula, with relative or absolute references to other cells.","user interface","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"]
[129,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-130","[","]","Excel 2.0 for Windows, which was modeled after its Mac GUI-based counterpart, indirectly expanded the installed base of the then-nascent Windows environment. Excel 2.0 was released a month before Windows 2.0, and the installed base of Windows was so low at that point in 1987 that Microsoft had to bundle a runtime version of Windows 1.0 with Excel 2.0. Unlike Microsoft Word, there never was a DOS version of Excel."]
[null,null,null,null,"Excel became the first spreadsheet to allow the user to define the appearance of spreadsheets (fonts, character attributes, and cell appearance). It also introduced intelligent cell re-computation, where only cells dependent on the cell being modified are updated (previous spreadsheet programs recomputed everything all the time or waited for a specific user command). Excel introduced auto-fill, the ability to drag and expand the selection box to automatically copy a cell or row contents to adjacent cells or rows, adjusting the copies intelligently by automatically incrementing cell references or contents. Excel also introduced extensive graphing capabilities."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Security"]
[130,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-131","[","]","Because Excel is widely used, it has been attacked by hackers. While Excel is not directly exposed to the Internet, if an attacker can get a victim to open a file in Excel, and there is an appropriate security bug in Excel, then the attacker can gain control of the victim's computer. UK's  has a tool named TORNADO ALLEY with this purpose.","GCHQ","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCHQ"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Games"]
[133,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-134","[","]","Besides the easter eggs, numerous games have been created or recreated in Excel, such as , , , , , , , , , , , and others.","Scrabble","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2048_(video_game)"]
[138,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-139","[","]","In 2020, Excel became an  with the advent of the .","Financial Modeling World Cup","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Modeling_World_Cup"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"See also"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Spreadmart","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_spreadsheet_software"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Notes"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"References"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Further reading"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,"mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"External links"]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,null,"â€“ official site"]
[]
[1,"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel#cite_note-140","[","]"]